The Issues Of Prisons And The State - 2179 Words

will discuss the issues of prisons and if using other rehabilitation methods would be beneficial for both the society and the state. It will point out issues on how punishment is failing by looking into the costs of prisons and re-offending rates, and that the need for reform is needed with using other correctional methods. It will evaluate prisons and alternatives by giving positives and negatives to the debate. Introduction The purpose of the paper is to investigate prisons, how they operate and the effectives of them. It will give a brief insight to the history of prisons and how they operate in the modern day, but the controversial factor to it, is if alternative correctional methods such as counselling or community service benefit our day to day living. To truly understand why and how modern criminal punishments are what they are today, it is important to understand the creation of the now vital institution within British society. In the early years of Britain, they had little need, if any, for prisons. The normal sentence for those found guilty was death while those found innocent were simply set free. When Henry II rose to power he built some of the earliest prisons including the Newgate prison in London, and also saw the birth of a more sophisticated way of enforcing laws, this was done by establishing courts within England and the creation of the first legal textbook which becomes a precursor to common law. Prison tended to be a place whereShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1598 Words   |  7 Pagesthe major problem of prison overcrowding and argue that the problem of prison overcrowding would not be ending anytime soon, due to the inadequate attempts by state governments to deal with the inhumane living condit ions in overcrowded prisons. This article relates to the topic because the authors analyze how the federal government and some individual states, such as California and Florida, respond to the constrained resources causing unsuitable conditions in overfilled prisons. This source illuminatesRead MorePrison Overcrowding Essay1184 Words   |  5 Pages Prison Overcrowding Nicole Neal American Intercontinental University Abstract This research paper is to explore the impact of prison overcrowding. The United States has a, what seems to be everlasting, prison overcrowding problem. Not only does the United States have this dilemma, but also many other countries have overcrowded prisons as well. Many issues need to be addressed; ways to reduce the prison populations and how to effectively reduce prison cost withoutRead MorePrivatization of American Prisons1661 Words   |  7 Pagesrunning prisons out of the hands of state and federal authorities and contracting it out to private organizations. Along with the drift to privatization is a plethora of research pertaining to the subject taking many different approaches to analyzing the effectiveness. The majority of research focuses on one of three areas. The first questioning whether or not it is cost effective to make the switch. The second being the ethical problems that can and have risen from the privatization of prisons. TheRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overc rowding1572 Words   |  7 PagesAlarming issues that causes society to stir up continue to expand every day. Some of these issues include the educational system, healthcare laws, unemployment and economic situations, not to mention the ongoing water drought crisis†¦all of which are major dilemmas in California. One major dilemma, however, is often ignored. Over the past 30 odd years, California’s prison population has grown by 750 percent (â€Å"California’s Perpetuating Prison Crisis†). As this percentage perpetuates to make substantialRead MoreDo The time, Lower The Crime by James Q. Wilson and Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentences Waste Resource by Kevin Zeese1205 Words   |  5 PagesPrison reform has been talked about since the late 1800’s and early 1900’s with the goal of giving prisoners better living conditions. Today’s issues involving prison reform have caused many debates on whether or not prisons should change their traditiona l ways and try to find a more suitable solution with prison related problems like overcrowded facility and huge sums of money being spent on these prisons. Two article that are going to be analyzed in this essay are entitled â€Å"Do the time, lower theRead MorePrison Overcrowding And The United States1555 Words   |  7 Pageslowest ones.† The prisons in the United States have been overcrowded for many years and require a change in order to fix this. Some of the main causes for prison overcrowding that will be covered in this paper are mass incarceration, long sentencing, recidivism, and prisoners of drug crimes. Overcrowding of prisons in the United States is a major issue that affects not only the prisoners themselves, but taxpayers and politicians. Although there are many different solutions to prison overcrowding suchRead MoreA Research Firm Regarding For Profit Essay1703 Words   |  7 Pagesof my research firm regarding for-profit, also known as private, prisons. I p ersonally hold a Ph.D. in Sociology and am the CEO of the research firm that is providing this information. I hope that this letter helps you to decide to cut down on the number of privately owned prisons in the United States. Introduction: With such a large population in our country, it is no surprise that we have many prisons here in the United States; large numbers of crimes are committed every day, some more severeRead MoreGetting Rid Of The Mandatory Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pagesseveral different ways a judge can hand down a punish for a crime that a person commits. A first-time drug offender would be required to either enter a rehab program or serve a prison term. One of the most disproportionate way is to sentence a first-time offender is by immediately handing down a lengthy but mandatory 10-year prison term for just having a few ounces of any type of drug. Mandatory minimum sentencing is defined as that if an offender is convicted of the crime that they must be imprisonedRead MoreMultiple Elements Of Incarceration Within Australia s Criminal Justice System907 Words   |  4 PagesThis eBook reports on issues relating to multiple elements of incarceration within Australia’s Criminal Justice System. Sp ecifically, a large allotment of text is allocated to discuss transgender inmates and their sexual identification once in prison. The author Cyndi Banks, acknowledges that prisons may adopt either genitalia- based placements or a identity based placements and notes that if genital reconstructive surgery has not been undergone, the inmate will be identified as their birth sexualRead MoreIs Prison Privatization Really a Long Term Fix? Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesPrison Privatization is a term used for which local, state and federal correction facilities hire companies from the private sector to run prisons and provide prison-related services. Some private companies are contracted only to provide things such as medical care, counseling, food services, and maintenance within publicly owned jails and prisons. Today, more and more private companies are being contracted to not only design and build, but also to operate new jails and prisons on both the state

The Parenting A Research Based Preventative Intervention...

PACE/CANNE The Parenting Our Children to Excellence (PACE) has been established as a research-based preventative intervention to support families by using discussion and activities to address practical parenting issues and promote child-competence (Dumas, Arriaga, Begle and Longoria, 2010). It attempts to teach parents to focus on their parental strengthens rather than on remediating deficits in behavior of their children. It especially, gives parents tools to better deal with young children who regularly refuse to cooperate and become aggressive or withdrawal when frustrated (Dumas et al., 2010). This intervention is an 8 week intervention geared toward parents of children ages 2-6 years old and is usually provided in conjunction with the child’s current child-care placement (Dumas et al., 2010; Begle and Dumas, 2011). PACE has been found to significantly improve child and parent outcome in post-assessment and/or one year follow up assessment (Begle and Dumas, 2011). Begle an d Dumas (2011) looked at a racially diverse (49% African-American, 46% white, 5% other) sample of 127 parents. This sample had a median yearly household income of $26,000 and held at least a high school diploma which places them as having low socioeconomic status and thus at increase risk for child maltreatment. The intervention consisted of 8 weekly sessions which focused on different parenting stressors and how to address them. The self reported surveys showed that parents who had higherShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Parenting Styles On A Child s Weight Status1794 Words   |  8 Pages The role of parenting styles on a child’s weight status will be explored. 20 families (10 families of overweight/obese children and 10 normal weight status) will be used to gage the effects of parenting on a child’s weight. Participants will be asked to participate in video recording of a family meal time and will be evaluated on the type of parenting style demonstrated throughout dinne r. Several scales including the General Parental Scale and Family Mealtime Interaction Coding System will be usedRead MoreHealth Proposal : Childhood Obesity4324 Words   |  18 Pageswhom are obese; childhood obesity has become a major health emergency and the incidence of obesity has increased over the years. The purpose of conducting health promotion is to provide information on how to combat childhood obesity and educate the family on the risks of other health issues that are associated with obesity. The problem of obesity has typically originated when the child is in preschool and it continues to develop even when the child becomes an adolescent and throughout adulthood. ItRead MoreThesis, Term Paper, Essay, Research Paper21993 Words   |  88 Pages1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Adolescent pregnancy has long been a worldwide social and educational concern for the developed, developing and underdeveloped countries. Many countries continue to experience high incidence of teenage pregnanc y despite the intervention strategies that have been put in place. In 1990 approximately 530,000 teenagers in the United States became pregnant, 51% of whom gave birth (Coley Chase-Lansdale, 1998). Available literature suggests that fertility rates in developing countriesRead MoreFamily Life Education Essay3819 Words   |  16 PagesI: What is family life education? Include in your answer a discussion of the following concepts: a. A definition of family. b. The purpose of family life education. c. Its intended benefits, its intended audience(s). d. The appropriate content or units within a family life education curriculum (including the contexts for family life education). e. Appropriate levels of educator/participant involvement. f. And ethical considerations. A Definition of Family: ThereRead MoreBonding And Attachment Between Mothers And Their Children5089 Words   |  21 PagesIntroduction Bonding or attachment between mothers and their children has been a topic of research for many decades. John Bowlby, a British psychologist, psychiatrist, and psychoanalyst began his work with attachment began in the early 1950 s and continued through 1990. His theories, along with Mary Ainsworth s research, an American-Canadian developmental psychologist, was the basis for Attachment Theory. Ainsworth and Bowlby s collaboration on attachment eventually led to the current classificationRead MoreEssay about The Future of Biopsychology-Obesity3250 Words   |  13 Pagesweight off. Genetics are important, but lifestyle choices such as eating and exercise habits are, too. Less active people tend to require less calories than more active people; they don’t need as much fuel because they’re doing less work. Physical activity also causes the body to burn calories faster on average, and decreases appetite. People exercising less is thought to be a leading cause of obesity over the last 20 years. Psychological factors also influence eating habits and obesity. Many peopleRead MoreFemale Criminality11608 Words   |  46 Pagesï » ¿Female Criminals Assignment Female Criminality consists of several outdated statistics regarding the rise of female offending. However, in viewing the current research on the subject, it appears that the overall theme of this dissertations discussion is still relevant despite changes in the accompanying statistics as seen in viewing the following topics: the rise in female offending; the continual rise that females are committing more crimes than men; and the types of crimes that women are committingRead MoreAdolescent Cognitive Development After Trauma4747 Words   |  19 Pages Abstract In a generation of hopelessness, adolescents seek a purpose for their existence. They seek refugee from violence, abuse and maltreatment. The overwhelming pressure opens the door for instant gratification in drugs, alcohol, sexual activity, and fail to make appropriate adjustments in compromising circumstances. There is a correlation between traumatic experiences and adolescent cognitive development. A traumatic experience can alter an adolescent’s neural system and adversely affectRead MoreCase Study for Autism13506 Words   |  55 Pagescommunication development (Henley, Ramsey, Algozzine, 2009). Currently, Casey is being served under the Asperger’s label at the Middle School and successfully participates in the general education inclusion setting with extensive academic and behavioral supports in place for him. Description of School and Student’s Community School Profile According to the the latest profile on the school, 46% of the students come from economically disadvantaged homes. Economically disadvantaged is defined by how manyRead MoreDescribe with Examples How Schools May Demonstrate and Uphold Their Aims:14953 Words   |  60 Pagespay for their child’s uniform and item of sportswear. Charge may also be made for music lessons and for board and lodgings on residential trips. Schools may ask for voluntary contributions for school time activities such as guild reading or school trips, every pupil will include in all activity even if their parents or guardian cannot or do not contribute. State Schooling at different stages School type | Description | Nursery Classes (3-4 year olds) | School nursery classes provide early education

Visa Compliance - Cancellation and Review

Question: Discuss about the Visa Compliance,Cancellation and Review. Answer: Introuction In appealing against the decision by the immigration department, Lily has four options. She can appeal at the Migration and Refugee Tribunal, she can appeal to the Minister for Immigration, she can use the courts or she can appeal at the Administrative Appeals Tribunal. During the appeal, tribunals are always concerned with the facts under consideration and circumstances that led to the revocation of the visa. They are also guided by the law; hence, they are forced to make a decision based on merit. The review is always seen as a second attempt. Lily can appeal to the minister of immigration. The minister of immigration has the power to grant or revoke a visa. This is despite refusal by the tribunals or the immigration department. The minister normally uses this power, if the issue under consideration is a matter of public interest. This is a power that is contained in Section 48B of the 1958 Immigration Act.[1] Lily can also seek the protection of theFederal Courts. However, this process is complex, because the courts are concerned with a matter of the law. The courts will seek to identify if an error of the law occurred, while revoking the visa. Basing on these facts, because Lily was in an immigration detention, the time she had for making her appeal is 7 days. Lily cannot apply for a partner visa and succeed because she was unlawful non-citizen. Section 15 of the 1958 immigration act denotes that, if a visa is cancelled, the holder of the cancelled visa becomes un-lawful non-citizen.Additionally, section 48 of the 1958 Immigration Act limits the kind of visa unlawful citizen can apply[2]. Unlawful citizen can only apply for a Partner Visa, Protection Visa and Child Visa.However, to qualify for these types of visa, the applicant must prove that he has satisfied the provisions of Clause 3004 of the 3rd Schedule of the 1994 Migration regulations. According to this clause, a visa applicant will qualify for a new visa application, if he had satisfied the requirements of the previous visa. Lily violated the terms of her visa by engaging in work. In the 2014 case of Montero vs. Minister of Immigration, the Federal Court made a ruling that it is only upon the satisfaction of Clause 3004 that a new visa can be granted after the expiry or cancellation of an existing visa[3]. Furthermore, for a person to qualify for a partnership visa, they must have a relationship for about one year, and they must prove that their relationship is genuine. This is a provision contained in the 1994 Migrations Regulation Schedule 2[4]. Lily can appeal against this decision to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal under the provisions of section 501 of the 1958 Immigration Act. This is a provision that deals on the character of an individual. It identifies the characters whose visa applications must be rejected and revoked.The time limit that can be used to appeal is within nine days, and the application fee is $1,673. The tribunal can take into consideration the new developments, while making its decisions. For instance, one of the requirements of proving whether a relationship is genuine or not, is through an analysis of the level of commitment amongst the two parties. This level of commitment is judged socially, emotionally and financially. By getting pregnant, Lily managed to prove that she was socially committed in her marriage and relationship with Bob. Furthermore, through her pregnancy, she was carrying an Australian child, and this is defined in the citizenship act of 1948[5]. Under this act of parliament, a person qualifies as an Australian through birth or if one of his parents holds an Australian citizenship. The unborn child belonged to Bob; hence, he qualified to be referred to as an Australian citizen. This is a principle established in Plaintiff S441/2003[6]. This case law recognizes thecitizenship of Australian children born of one parent who is an Australian, and gives them the citizenship benefit. Furthermore, under the common law principles, a child who is born from unlawful non-citizen qualifies to hold the citizenship status of Australia. This is because the non-citizen is subject to the Australian laws. This is a principle established in Te vs. Dang (2002)[7]. Therefore, the pregnancy of Lily is an indication of being committed to Bob, and she is also carrying an Australian child; hence, the need of considering her application. Yes, Lily can get a refund of the fees she paid for her appeal. Bibliography Books, Articles and Journals Australian Immigration Law Practice - Continuing Professional Development (University of New South Wales, Faculty of Law, Centre for Continuing Legal Education, 2010) Billings, Peter, "Irregular Maritime Migration And The Pacific Solution Mark II: Back To The Future For Refugee Law And Policy In Australia?" (2013) 20 International Journal on Minority and Group Rights Judicial Review In Migration Matters (Dept. of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, 2001) Nieuwenhuysen, J. P, John Higley and Stine Neerup, Nations Of Immigrants (Edward Elgar, 2009) Vrachnas, John, Migration And Refugee Law In Australia (Cambridge University Press, 2007) Legislations and Cases Migration Act 1958 (Commonwealth of Australia, 2004) Te vs Dang (2002) 26 The High Court (2002)

Mass Incarceration free essay sample

Mass incarceration is one of very many huge problems we have here in America. But when you really look into the core of the situation, whose fault is it really. Right away you think it is the criminals fault for getting arrested in the first place right? More people should be well behaved and not end up in prison? But what a lot of people fail to notice are the ones that actual do the actual sentencing. In Paul Butlers book, Lets Get Free he writes, â€Å"I became a prosecutor because I hate bullies. I stopped being a prosecutor because I hate bullies. † Do I think that some people belong in prison? Absolutely. But I also think that there are also even more people that do not deserve to be there and that’s why we have this problem. Paul Butler Claims, â€Å"the criminal justice system gives the state a monopoly on excising†¦retribution. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Incarceration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its legal hate. † (Butler, 4) This is what I think prosecutors do. They send whoever they want to prison just because they have the authority to do so. I think it is 100% wrong. The justice system is so unjust and erroneous that I think it gives even more power to those involved in working for it than what they actually deserve. Paul Butler says that, In 2008, in a high crime neighborhood in DC, the police would stop any driver and every driver. You were required to answer whether or not you had a â€Å"legitimate purpose† for being there. If you did not have a legitimate purpose, you were told to leave. Failure to comply would result in you being arrested for the crime of â€Å" failure to obey a police officer†(Butler 24) Cathy Lanier the DC police chief , says, â€Å"in certain areas we need to go beyond the normal methods of policing. †(Butler, 24). People become police officers and all of a sudden think that they have to go above and beyond their job description. It needs to stop. They are there to protect people. Not make them feel like they are a criminal. â€Å"In the name of safety, American citizens will be treated like criminals†¦. (Butler 25). I do believe that most of the individuals that are in prison do not deserve to be there at all and that in certain cases the sentence is ridiculous. The drug war and racial profiling is a huge cause to mass incarceration. Vanita Gupta from the New York times wrote, â€Å"in 2003 I represented dozens of African-American residents in Tulia, Tex. , who had been convicted after a botched drug sting. Jason Jerome Williams, a 22-year-old with no prior criminal record, had been sentenced to 45 years in prison for four sales of an eighth of an ounce of cocaine†¦, Others accepted plea deals to try to avoid such lengthy prison terms. † I do not think that drugs are okay to have, be sold, or to be under the influence of. But I do think that all of these sentences are way to long for these people. These are the sentences’ of those that commit way worse crimes like maybe killing someone or endangering some one else’s’ life. In recent studies, it is shown that†¦ The U. S has 25% of the worlds population in prison. Nearly half of all prisoners in state prisons are locked up for nonviolent offences. The U. S prison population rose by 700% from 1970 to 2005. A rate far outpacing that of general population growth and crime rates. 1 in every 106 white males age 18 or older is incarcerated. 1 in every 36 Hispanic males age 18 or older is incarcerated. 1 in every 15 black males age 18 or older is incarcerated. (Matt Sledge, The Huffington Post) The U. S. imprisons more people per capital than any country on earth, accounting for 25 percent of the world’s prisoners, despite having just five percent of the world’s population. America currently holds over two million in prisons with double that number under supervision of parole and probation, according to federal government figures (Linn Washington Jr. , A Major Destabilizing Influence) So what exactly does Mass incarceration cost us, average Americans? Mass incarceration consumes over $50-billion annually across America – money far better spent on creating jobs and improving education. Instead of giving people a minimum sentence, what they ideally deserve, they are getting double, even triple the time and its costing people more and more every single year. It doesn’t look like that is going to change soon. On June 17, 2013, the court made federal sentencing a little more sensible. In the Alleyne vs. United States case, it overturned and held that the facts supporting a mandatory minimum sentence had to be found beyond a doubt by a jury, or agreed for a plea agreement, rather than the judge making their decision based on the evidence that is shown. Alleyne didn’t get rid of mandatory minimum sentencing provisions, which remain criminal law’s bluntest instrument. Those harsh statutes still bind judges’ hands and they will continue to sentence people to these long, undeserving sentences. I have a feeling that if the United States would have won this particular case it would save people a lot of money. I think way to much money is getting put into something that could potentially be changed. The human cost of this system is real and tragic. â€Å"Over the past several years judge Bennet has visited, in their federal prisons, more than 250 of the defendants he has sentenced. A huge majority of these inmates were very low level, nonviolent drug addicts who were supposed to get minimal sentencing. Many of their families lost their homes and were forced to go on welfare. †(Mark Osler, Weekly Ads). Most inmates made immense attempts toward improving their education, learning a trade, and going through intensive drug treatment. But those with the longer mandatory minimum sentences sometimes give up hope, and they only thing they learn is how to commit more serious and violent crimes. Having lost all family ties, they are at much higher risk for re-offending when they get out. People get stuck with a title when they do go to prison. The ones that do have a longer sentence have it even worse. Their lives are never the same when they eventually do get out of prison. It is beyond difficult for them to get a job, find a place to live, or even re-connect with their families. They lose absolutely everything. This needs to stop. In August 2013, there was an announcement in San Fransico by California Attorney General Eric Holder stating that the federal prosecutors would no longer invoke mandatory minimum sentencing laws for certain low level, non violent offenders. After years and years they are finally going to stop this minimal sentencing law. I think it’s an amazing thing. But why did justice on incarceration take so long? Travis Smiley from the CNN news room wrote, †I would like to believe that its about a shift in our morals; that our nation has finally come to the conclusion that being the worlds leader on lockdowns is neither socially sustainable nor a just way to treat fellow citizens. But, alas, Im not that naive. † He continues to say that its all about money. I agree, it would be great if it was because we had a â€Å"shift in our morals† but I honestly think that it is all about money. Someone out there finally saw the endless amounts of money that we are spending on people that don’t need to be in prison for more than whats deserved and they want to stop it. Tavis Smiley ends his article with, â€Å"As a nation, we have a habit every bit as addictive as the habits of many of the folk weve locked away. Weve been addicted to the drug of incarceration, and now we can no longer afford our expensive habit. Things are breaking bad for us too. Time for rehab. † In another way, we are damning people for the same things we are doing now. It looks like we are addicted to something. Were addicted to incarceration. In my opinion, Mass incarceration needs to end for good. Not only in California, but in the rest of the United States of America. We are ruining lives as well as ourselves. There is no reason for a non violent offender to get the same sentencing as the person that has killed. I believe that the justice system is unjust and inequitable. It seems that you can commit the most non violent, simple crime and go to jail for the rest of your life. Its just not fair. America is supposed to be the land of the free. I don’t feel free at all. I don’t even feel safe. I feel as though all of my rights have been taking away. They were written for a reason, and that reason, the idea of what America should be is slowly deteriorating. I hope that in the near future it gets better. I would love to feel safe again.